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Blood lead and cardiovascular mortality in never and ever smokers: a 20-year follow-up of US adults in NHANES 1999–2018

Key takeaways

This study followed 41,629 adults for about 20 years. It found that higher lead levels in the blood were linked to more deaths from heart disease. This link held true even for people who never smoked. Because this is an observational study, it shows a connection but not proof that lead causes the deaths.

Who did this work

Chuan Wang (University of Auckland)

Source

Article · OpenAlex, Kidney disease concept sweep (verified C2778653478) · 2026-10-12
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23305828